rostom mefe (1566/7-1658 ww.)

qarTlis mefe 1633-1658 wlebSi, qarTlSi axali proiranuli kursis gamtarebeli.

 

 

 

      rostomi, igive qaixosro/xosro-mirza, iyo Svili daud-xanisa (daviT XI) wavkiseli glexis qalisagan. igi daibada 1566/7 wels, am dros daud-xans Sahisagan qarTlis mefoba ukve miRebuli hqonda. savarudod, xosro batoniSvilic daud-xanis karze izrdeboda. farsadan gorgijaniZe iuwyeba, rom, rodesac lala Mmustafa faSa qarTlSi Semovida, daud-xanma winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia, Tbilisi gadawva da osmaleTs Seafara Tavi, xolo misi Svilebi: bagrati da xosro mamas ar gahyvnen stambolSi, kax batonTan (igulisxmeba kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II) wavida, radgan misi siZe iyoo. rogorc Cans, umcrosi xosroc ufros ZmasTan erTad kaxeTSi imyofeboda. imave wyaros cnobiT, Semdeg orive iranSi wasulan (amasve imeorebs  parizis qronika). winaaRmdeg qarTuli wyaroebisa, iraneli istorikosi isqander munSi iuwyeba, rom daud-xani 1581 wlamde saqarTveloSia (kaxeTSi) Tavis SvilebTan, bagratTan da xosrosTan erTad. osmaleTSi igi mxolod 1584 wels wasula xuTi “begis” da erTi “mamaci Svilis” TanxlebiT (mustafa selianiqi). es “mamaci Svili” mkvlevarTa azriT, xosro batoniSvili unda yofiliyo (JorJoliani).  daud-xani saqarTveloSi 1587 wels dabrunda, amdenad xosro batoniSvili am welze adre iranSi ver moxvdeboda.

      xosro batoniSvilis (iranSi igi xosro-mirzas saxeliT iyo cnobili), iranis politikur sarbielze 1618 wels gamoCnda. manmade igi “upatiod da upovar friad yofila” (vaxuSti). iranSi myofma giorgi saakaZem qarTlis taxtis SesaZlo pretedenti Crdilidan gamoiyvana man “es ara hyo siyvaruliTA patronisaTa, aramed, raTaA aRudginos lursab mefesa metoqi” (vaxuSti). SemdgomSi, ukve qarTlis taxtze asulma  rostomma giorgi saakaZis STamomavlebi samSobloSi daabruna da Zveli mflobeloba ganuaxla. Sah-abasma yuradReba miaqcia gamWriaxi gonebis, gabedul batoniSvils da  ispahanis taruRoba (mouraoba) uboZa. am droidan igi didi gavleniT sargeblobs iranSi _ “mTeli iranis saqme mas ekiTxebodao” _ ambobs saqmeSi kargad Caxeduli farsadan gorgijaniZe. 1625 wels Sahs xosro-mirzasaTvis yularaRasoba, anu Sahis gvardiis meTauroba Caubarebia.

      Sah-abasis gardacvalebis Semdeg irani dinastiuri omis safrTxis winaSe dadga. rostomma marjved imoqmeda, yulis jari gamoiyena da misTvis sasurveli kandidati Sah-abasis SviliSvili Sah-sefi (1629-1642) iranis taxtze dasva. amis  gamo Sahi mas “mamad uxmobda” (vaxuSti). rostomis qarTlSi gamefebas win uZRoda Teimuraz I-is mier daud-xan undilaZesTan erTad  yarabaRis dalaSqra.  ganrisxebulma Sahma Teimurazs taxti CamoarTva da xosro-mirzas, axla ukve rostom-xans uboZa. am dros rostomi 67 wlisa iyo.

      rostomi qarTlSi yizilbaSTa jariT Semovida, romelsac iranis samsaxurSi myofi qarTveli, rostom-xan saakaZe winamZRolobda.  nawili Tavadebisa mas miuvida da morCileba gamoucxada, Teimurazis momxreebi ki imTaviTve  mtrulad Sexvdnen.

      rostomis mefobiT qarTlSi iwyeba iranTan urTierTobis axali etapi, romelic, gansxvavebiT winandeli ukiduresad agresiuli damokidebulebisagan, iranis mxriv kompromisul xasiaTs atarebda. am politikis ZiriTadi principebi Camoyalibebuli iyo jer kidev 1614 wels, rodesac Sah-abasma bagrat-xani aiyvana taxtze. Sahma ficiT ganmtkicebuli SeTanxmeba dado qarTvelebTan, romelic mas da mis mekvidreebs unda SeesrulebinaT. maT qveyanas srulebiT ar unda dakisreboda xarki, ar unda Secvliliyo sarwmunoeba. eklesiebi ar unda dangreuliyo da meCeTebi ar unda aSenebuliyo. maTi mefis nacvali mudam qarTveli iqneboda maTive samefo gvaridan, magram mahmadiani,. aseTi qarTveli mefis erTi vaJiSvili, romelsac survili eqneboda, sarwmunoeba Seecvala, mmarTvelisa da mTavarsardlis Tanamdebobas miiRebda isfahanSi im dromde, vidre mamisagan memkvidreoba ar gadaecemoda (Sardeni).  es cnoba mowmobs, rom Sah-sefim ukve arsebuli xelSekruleba ganaaxla. formalurad am xelSekrulebis ganaxlebis mcdeloba iyo 1632 wels mefed Teimurazis cnoba, Tumca Teimurazis urCoba irans ar aZlevda saSualebas misTvis sasurveli politika gaetarebina qarTlSi.

      qarTlSi rostomis gamogzavniT iranma praqtikulad Seqmna politikuri urTierTobis is axali modeli, romelic moqmedebda TiTqmis mTeli saukunis manZilze. kompromisuli politikis gamtarebeli qarTlis samefo dinastiis gamahmadianebuli warmomadgeneli, iranis valis statusiT sargeblobda, rac mas garkveul suverenul uflebebs unarCunebda. qarTlSi TiTqmis xeluxlebeli rCeboda saxelmwifo wyoba, xelSeuxebeli iyo eklesia, qarTlis miwebi ar iyo gatarebuli iranis saxelmwifo divanSi (gansxvavebiT kaxeTisagan, sadac mmarTveloba iranel xans ebara da kaxeTis miwebic saxelmwifo SemosavalSi iyo aRricxuli). qarTlis valis iranisaTvis unda eZlia xarki, egzavna garkveuli raodenobis qal-vaJi da Seesrulebina  saWiroebisamebr samxedro samsaxuri.     

      rostomi Seudga qveynis marTvas. umaRles Tanamdebobebze Tavisi erTguli moxeleebi daniSna, maT Soris iranidan Camoyolili qarTveli Tavadebi. maRal Tanamdebobebze damtkicebuli TavadebiaTvis savaldebulo iyo  mahmadianobis miReba, ramac umaRles feodalur aristokratiaSi gaaZliera mahmadianuri gavlena. gavrcelda yizilbaSuri moda: sma-Wama, Cacmuloba, daeca qristianuli morali. vaxuSti im dros gavrcelebul mraval uzneobas am gavlenas  miawers.  TanamdebobaTa qarTuli saxelwodebebi sparsuliT Seicvala, magram arsobrivad samoxeleo institutebi igive rCeboda. fuli iWreboda Sahis saxeliT, amdenad, rogorc vaxuSti ambobs, “rostomma daadgina ornive”. wminda yizilbaSuri Tanamdeboba sul sami iyo: veziri (mrCeveli), mustofi (finansisti) munSi (mwerali). samive es Tanamdeboba qarTlis samefo karis kontrols emsaxureboda.

      rostomma qarTlSi CamosvlisTanave colad SeirTo gostaSab abaSiSvilis asuli qeTevani, romlic male gardaicvala.  amis Semdeg samefo darbazma arCevani levan dadianis daze, mariamze SeaCera. es iyo kargad gaTvlili politikuri arCevani, romelic asustebda Teimuraz mefisa da imereTis mefis  alianss da aZlierebda  dadianis poziciebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi. es qorwineba iranis sagareo politikur kurss exmianeboda da amitom rostomma am qorwinebaze Tanxmoba iranis Sahisagan iTxova. iranisTvisac perspeqtiuli Canda dadianTan kavSiri. rasakvirvelia, osmaleTi ukmayofilo iyo am garigebiT, radgan masSi samarTlianad xedavda iranis Savi zRvis sanapiroze gasvlis mcdelobas.

giorgi III imerTa mefem am qorwinebaSi sruliad samarTlianadac, dadianis gaZlierebis safrTxe dainaxa, romelic mas imereTis miwa-wyalze ecileboda da amitom meqorwineebs gza ar misca, kakas xidTan brZola gaumarTa, magram Tavad Cauvarda tyved dadians. rostomma wamoiyvana mariami SvilTan erTad TbilisSi da didebulli qorwili gadaixada.

      rostomi mzad iyo mSvidobianad emarTa qveyana, Tavadebs mamulebis wyalobas uaxlebda da mowinaaRmdegeebis Semorigebasac cdilobda, magram qarTlis TavadTa nawilisagan did undoblobas waawyda. jer kidev Zlieri iyo Teimurazis momxreTa dajgufeba. rostomsac hyavda Zlieri momxreebi adgilobriv TavadTa Soris, garda amisa, mas zurgs umagrebda Tbilisis, goris da qarTlis kidev sam sxvadasxva cixeSi Camdgari yizilbaSTa  jari.  Tavisi mmarTvelobis pirveli 15 wlis manZilze,  1634, 1636, 1638, 1642 wlebSi rostoms brZola uwevda Tavis  Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeebTan, romlebic periodulad  SeTqmulebebs awyobdnen Teimurazis gasabatoneblad. am brZolebs mravali msxverpli mohqonda da omebiT daqancul qveyanaSi Senebas aferxebda. Tumca, lokaluri Setakebebis miuxedavad, rostomi mainc axerxebda meurneobis aRdgenisaTvis xelis Sewyobas.  “daiwyes aSeneba, xvna-Tesva” (farsadan gorgijaniZe).

      1634 wels Teimurazma kaxeTidan selim-xani gaaZeva da taxti daibruna. Sahis interesebis damcvelma rostomma yizilbaSTa jari Seyara da kaxeTze wavida, magram Teimurazma mociqulebi miugzavna da Suamdgomloba sTxova SahTan, “Cems aoxrebuls mamulze dagvayenono” da SahTan gasagzavnad  Tavisi asuli TinaTini SesTavaza (farsadan gorgijaniZe). rostoms es ambavi “nametnavad iama” da laSqroba moSala. rostomma marTlac gaagzavna TinaTini SahTan da Teimurazis Txovnac gadasca. iranis Sahi, romelic imJamad  osmalTa Setevis mosagerieblad emzadeboda, daTanxmda da Teimurazi kaxeTis mefed cno. magram am SeTanxmebam mSvidoba ver moutana qarTl-kaxeTs.  1436, 1638, 1642 wlebSi Teimurazi qarTlis taxtis daWeras cdilobs da yovel SetakebaSi marcxdeba. am miznisaTvis Zlieri mokavSiris Sovnis imediT 1639 wels  kvlav uSedegod daifica ruseTis erTgulebaze. arc iran-osmaleTis omma ar gaamaTla Teimurazis imedebi. 1639 wlis zaviT iran-osmaleTma saqarTvelos mimarT amasiis 1555 wlis zavis pirobebi aRadgines. Teimurazi ar cxreboda. 1642 wels didi SeTqmuleba moawyo  rostomis winaaRmdeg. rostomma Seityo SeTqmulebis ambavi da sastikad gausworda monawleebs, maT Soris kaTalikos evdemon diasamiZes. es iyo yvelaze sisxliani furceli rostomis mefobaSi. gawbilebuli Teimurazi kaxeTs gabrunda. mis dasasjelad Sahma amjerad didi jari gamogzavna rostom mefis gamahmadianebuli diswullis, adam sulTan andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, romelic Sahs kaxeTis mefed surda daesva.  Teimurazi SeSinda da rostoms Serigeba sTxova. rostomma gadaifiqra kaxeTSi laSqroba da Teimurazs taxti SeunarCuna, magram misgan simon-xanis (rostomis Zmiswulis) mkvlelobis sazRauris gadaxdas iTxovda, rac samarTlis wesiT ekuTvnoda. Teimurazi arad agdebda rostomis moTxovnas, rasac 1648 wels kvlav brZola mohyva. TianeTTan brZolaSi Teimurazi damarcxda, qiziySi ki misi erTaderTi Svili daviTi yizilbaSebTan brZolas Seewira. amjerad Teimurazma kaxeTic dakarga. Sahma kaxeTic (“nasisxlad”) rostoms misca. amdroidan gacemul dokumentebSi mas qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefe ewodeba. marto darCenil sasowarkveTil Teimurazs rostomma imereTSi gadasvlis neba misca da 500 cxeni da joric aTxova. am brZolis Semdeg qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, rogorc iqna,  mSvidobam daisadgura.

      rostomisa da Teimurazis yoveli dapirispireba erTnairi logikiT viTardeboda. rostomi aSkara upiratesobas flobda, TandaTanobiT mas momxreebic emateboda, Teimurazs ki akldeboda. miuxedavad amisa, TeimurazTan yovelTvis pirveli midioda Serigebaze, rac Wirveul Teimurazs isev brZolis gunebaze ayenebda. Wkviani politikosi xvdeboda, rom Teimurazis brZolis simZafre iranisaTvis samagaliTo unda gamxdariyo, raTa ar efiqra qarTlis iseTsave damonebaze, rogorsac kaxeTSi miaRwia.  amiT rostomma qarTli gadaarCina kaxeTis beds. man mSvidobiani  gziT miaRwia imas, ris gakeTebas Teimurazi omiT cdilobda (javaxiSvili).

      rostomma xangrZlivi omianobisagan gapartexebuli qveyana Caibara. soflis meurneobis aRsadgenad rostomi Seudga sairigacio sistemis mowesrigebas, Zveli sarwyavi arxebis aRdgenas da axlebis gayvanas, (aRadgina didi da patara liaxvis SemaerTebeli arxi), aaSena da gamarTa arsebuli wisqvilebi; aoxrebul soflebSi Tavidan asaxlebda glexebs da ramdenime wliT aTavisuflebda gadasaxadebisagan. rostomis sagadasaxdo da sabaJo politika xels uwyobda adgilobrivi vaWrobisa da xelosnobis gamococxlebas. saqaravno gzebis da xidebis mSeneblobiT qalaquri sagareo vaWrobis gaZlierebas cdilobda. ganjis gzaze, mdinare debedaze, rostomma  gumbaTiani  xidi, sofeli da qarvasla aaSena, “rom mgzavri ar gaisarjos, sadgomi da saWmeli daxvdes” (farasadan gorgijaniZe). Axidi aaSena qciazec. rostomma mefis sasaxle Tbilisis cixidan gareT, anCisxatsa das sions Sua gamoitana, ramac qalaqis axlebur ganaSenianebas Seuwyo xeli.  ganaaxla Tbilisis galavani (daviT bagrationi). TeZmis xeobaSi rostomma aaSena axalqalaqi.

      rostomis momxreebis gamravlebaSi usaTuod didi roli Seasrula mariam dedofalma da misi TanadgomiT gatarebulma saeklesio politikam.

rodesac rostomi qarTlSi Semovida, mahmadiani mefis SiSiT pirveli oTxi Tve qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi daketili iyo, zarebi miwaSi Cafluli. mxolod qarTlSi arsebul  kaTolikur eklesiebSi sruldeboda wirva-locva, radgan iranis xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis gamocdileba SiSis safuZvels uspobda. Tumca rostomsa Teimurazs Soris gauTavebeli omianobis gamo kaTolikeebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadainacvles. rostomma male moipova qarTlis samRvdeloebis ndoba. zustad iseve, rogorc sxva qarTveli mefeebi, eklesiebs uaxlebda yma-mamulis mflobelobas, aniWebda sagadasaxdo Seuvalobas da saxsrebs ar zogavda dangreul-dazianebuli eklesiebis SesakeTeblad.

      rostomis dros ramdenime meCeTic auSenebiaT _ gorisa da Tbilisis cixeebSi, sadac muslimTa garnizonebi idga. TbilisSi sami sxva meCeTis aSenebac ucdiaT, magram iwyeboda Tu ara mSenebloba, xalxi angrevda, minareTidan gadmomdgar molas ki qvebs uSendnen. amitom xelisuflebac, rostomis saxiT, qarTveli xalxis sarwmunoebriv tradiciebs iTvaliswinwbda daTmobaze midioda.

      rostoms memkvidre ar hyavda. mas erTxans imereTis batoniSvilis, mamukas Sviloba surda (igi levan dadianis tyveobaSi gardaicvala), Semdeg iranSi gazrdili luarsab batoniSvili iSvila (igi nadirobisas SemTxveviT gasrolilma tyviam imsxverpla), sabolood ki arCevani bagrationTa muxranuli Stos warmomadgenelze, vaxtangze SeaCera. 1654 wels vaxtangi iranSi gagzavna, aq mas mahmadianoba miaRebines da taxtis mekvidred daamtkices. 1657 wels iranis Sahma Sah-abas II-m rostoms kaxeTi CamoarTva da misi saxanod gadaqceva moindoma (amas mohyva kaxeTis ajanyeba zaal erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiT). Rrmad moxucebuli rostomi 1658 wels gardaicvala. igi muslimTa wminda qalaq yumSi waasvenes da iq dakrZales.

 

      wyaroebi da samecniero literatura:

1. farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria, s. kakabaZis gamoc. saistorio moambe, II, Tbilisi, 1925.

2. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa/ qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc. IV, Tbilisi, 1973.

3. beri egnataSvili, axali qarTlis cxovreba/ qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc. II, Tbilisi, 1959.

4. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamokvlevebi da komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma, Tbilisi, 1975.

5. T. tivaZe, ierusalimis patriarqis dosiTeosis werili saqarTveloze, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, II, Tbilisi, 1971.

6. don pietro avitabile, cnobebi saqarTveloze, XVII s. Sesavali, Targmani da komentarebi b. giorgaZisa, Tbilisi, 1977.

7. isqander munSi, abasis qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriis gagrZeleba, sparsuli teqstis qarTuli TArgmani, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo n. gelaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1981.

8. v. fuTuriZe, Mmohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelos  da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30, 1954.

9. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, Tbilisi, 1902.

10. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tbilisi, 1967.

11. v. gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII ss. Tbilisi, 1958.

12. k. grigolia, iloris wm. giorgis xatis warwera, enimki, XIII, gv.155.

13. n. gelaSvili, saqarTvelo da irani XVII s. 30-ian wlebSi,qarTuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli, 3, Tbilisi, 1996.

14. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignTsacavebSi, III, Tbilisi, 1987.

15. g. JorJoliani, saqarTvelo XVII saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi, Tbilisi, 1987.

 

16. n. gelaSvili, iran-saqarTvelos kulturuli urTierTobis istoriidan, kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIII,

17. Tbilisi, 2002.

18. n. gelaSvili, religiuri aspeqti rostom mefis mmarTvelobaSi (1633-1658), kr. “nodar Sengelia” 75, Tbilisi, 2008,  gv.119-125.

 

 

 

moamzada mzia surgulaZem