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zaqaria ვალაშკერტელი–baneli, X-XI saukunis 30-iani ww.

qarTveli mRvdelTmTavari, banis da valaSkertis episkoposi.

 

 

      zaqaria baneli xSirad wyaroebSi ixsenieba zaqaria valaSkertelis an zaqaria banel-valaSkertelis saxeliT. Tavisi cxovreba-moRvaweobis didi nawili zaqaria valaSkertelma taoSi gaatara da taos udidesi eparqiis _ banis episkoposobas miaRwia. bizantiis imperatorisagan mas miuRia svingelozis pativi da amitom  werilobiT wyaroebSi zaqaria svingelozadac iwodeba.  XI saukunis ociani wlebisaTvis zaqariam banelobasTan erTad valaSkertis samwysos episkoposobac SeiTavsa.  orive misi eparqia (banis da valaSkertis) erTimeoris mezoblad mdebareobda istoriuli taos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

      zaqaria banelis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia 1028-1034 wlebSi misi iniciativiT gadawerili da SesaniSnavi, uxvad ilustrirebuli qarTuli xelnawerebis (A1, A92, A648, S143, Q34) anderZebSi; XI saukunis somexi avtoris aristakes lastivertecis “istoriaSi” ioane skilices (XII saukunis pirveli aTeuli) nawarmoebSi da sxv. xelnawerebidan mag. A1, (grigol RvTismetyelis TxzulebaTa krebuli) igi ase ixsenieba: “qriste, meufeo didebisao, adide Sen mieriTa zegardmoiTa didebiTa orTave Sina sufevaTa zaqaria svingelozi, baneli mamadmTavari da moaniWe zecisa sasufeveli”, xolo Q34  (maqsime aRmsareblis TxzulebaTa krebuli 1021-1034 ww.) anderZSi aRniSnulia: “daiwera brZanebiTa da nebiTa zaqaria banelisa da svingelozisaiTa” da sxv.

      berZnulad daweril sakuTar leqsSi zaqaria baneli, svingelozi da valaSkerteli, Tavis Tavs uwodebs iveriel bers. aristakes lastiverteci ki mas “gvarad qarTvelad” ixseniebs.

      rogorc avtobiografiuli anderZidan irkveva, zaqaria maRali feodaluri wridan warmomavlobda. igi daviT kurapalats Tavis “mzrdelsa da Semoqmeds” uwodebs.

      zemodasaxelebul wyaroebSi Tavmoyrili cnobebis mixedviT Cans, rom zaqarias mSoblebi miekuTvnebodnen taos maRal qarTul aristokratias. isini daaxloebulni iyvnen mefe daviT kurapalatTan, romelsac zaqaria misi iniciativiT gadawerili erT-erTi xelnaweris anderZSi Tavis “mzrdelsa da Semoqmeds” uwodebs.     zaqarias pataraobidanve sasuliero moRvaweobisaTvis amzadebdnen da, rogorc Cans, igi aRsazrdelad oTxTa eklesiaSi miubarebiaT, sadac misi aRmzrdeli yofila arsenic, mamamTavari ninowmindeli (A 648) momavalSi aTonis qarTvelTa monastris cnobili moRvawe (daaxl. 1001-1002 wlidan) da efTvime mTawmindelis uaxloesi mrCeveli (el. metreveli, narkvevebi). arsen ninowmindelis aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi gadasvlis Semdeg zaqarias da misi gzebi gaiyara.

      sad da rodis Seudga zaqaria sasuliero moRvaweobas wyaroebidan ar Cans, magram igi ukve 1022 wels gamoCnda politikur asparezze. am wels basianSi laSqriT movida bizantiis imperatori basili II (876-1025ww) da saqarTvelos mefis giorgi I –isagan (1014-1027) moiTxova daebrunebina daviT kurapalatisaTvis imperiis mier droebiT micemuli miwebi. giorgi I-s ar surda am uZvelesi qarTuli istoriuli miwebis daTmoba. gaimarTa molaparakebebi, molaparakebebSi bizantiis mxridan, rogorc imperatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri, monawileobda zaqaria baneli, romelsac im droisaTvis miRebuli hqonda valaSkertelis wodeba da svingelozis tituli. aristakes lstivertecis gadmocemiT, “470 (1021) wels TviTmyrobeli mefe (basili II) kvlav gamoemarTa karinis farTo velze. man elCi gaugzavna qarTvel mTavars giorgis, rom mosuliyo masTan morCilebiT. erTi qarTveli episkoposi, romelic vaRarSakertSi ijda, Seegeba mefes [keisars] da daaimeda igi, rom, rogorc ki ekeReacSi an karinSi amoxval, [giorgi] Sen geaxlebao. [mefem] daijera [episkoposis] sityvebi da darCa giorgis mosvlis molodinSi, xolo [giorgim] ver gabeda wasuliyo mefis daZaxilze, radganac Tavisianebidan bevri aSinebda mas: “roca [mefe] gnaxavs, an mogklavs, an dagapatimrebs da ver miaRwev pativso”..... roca CaiSala elCoba, mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare soflebi”.    

      molaparakebebi didxans gaiwela. igi TiTqmis dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, roca imperators acnobes nikifore fokasa da qsifes ajanyebis Sesaxeb. basili ukan gabrunda da yuradReba ajanyebis CaxSobaze gadaitana. am ajanyebaze did imedebs amyarebdnen mefe giorgi I da bizantiis mowinaaRmdege sxva qarTveli da somexi didebulebi. rogorc Cans, maT kavSiri hqondaT SeTqmulebTan da amitomac xelovnurad welavdnen molaparakebebs. giorgi I-ma uari Tqva molaparakebebis Sedegad TiTqmis miRweul SeTanxmebaze, magram imperatorma basili II-m ajanyeba CaaxSo da sastikad gausworda mis monawileebs.

      kvlav ganaxlda Sewyvetili molaparakebebi imperatorsa da giorgi mefes Soris. masSi CaerTo zaqaria baneli. igi kvlav cdilobda molaparakebebis gaWianurebas qarTuli mxaris sasargeblod, rac imperators da mis garemocvas SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT. aristakes lastiverteci Tavis “istoriaSi” kidev erTxel miuTiTebs zaqaria valaSkertelis Suamavlobaze giorgi I-sa da basili II-s Soris: “mefem (basili II) salqoraSi yofnis dReebSi giorgisagan iTxova sami cixe misi mamulebiTurT, romlebic gurgens (giorgis papas) usamarTlod hqonda waRebuli kurapalatis wilidan. man elCebi gagzavna [giorgisTan].... mefem Semdeg gaugzavna mas valarSakertis episkoposi zaqaria, romelic wavida da Seacdina giorgi. igi daTanxmda da miswera [basilis], rom miscemda mas, rasac iTxovda. [episkoposma] aiRo werili da dabrunda sixaruliT. igi movida erTi dRis [saval] gzaze mdebare fundukSi... aq mas swrafad daewivnen mdevrebi werilis saTxovnelad, radganac [giorgim] inana ugunuri [saqcieli]. [mdevrebma] aiRes werili da ukan dabrundnen. [episkoposi] ki wavida, Sexvda mefes da uambo mas, rac moxda. Semdeg mefem gamoikiTxa jarebisa da maTi sabrZolo samzadisis Sesaxeb. zaqariam upasuxa, rom yvelaze meti jari [giorgis] hyavs, Zlieri da sabrZolvelad momzadebulio”. es rom [basilim] moismina, friad ganrisxda da uTxra [zaqarias]: “Sen ajanyebulTagan moxvedi da maSineb meo”. [basilim] brZana [zaqarias] gagzavna konstantinopolSi, mas ki uTxra: “wadi, Seisvene iq, vidre me SenTan gamoviqcevio”. [mefem] zaqarias wamyvanebs ubrZana, rom misTvis ena amoeglijaT. [zaqaria] wavida da aRarc dabrunebula Tavis [samSobloSi], aramed darCa iq sikvdilamde”.

      amrigad, zaqaria imperators Seurisxavs. igi konstantinopolSi gaasaxles da gamyolebs daavales gzaze misTvis ena amoeglijaT (lastiverteci). Sesrulda Tu ara es ganaCeni, piroba, wyaroebidan ar Cans. konstantinepolSi zaqaria baneli pirRuSi, sakuTar patara monasterSi damkvidrda da xelnawerTa SekveTa-gamrTelebiT farTo literaturul da kulturul moRvaweobas Seudga (el. metreveli).

      1028-1034 ww. zaqaria banelis surviliT da brZanebiT bizantiis qarTuli monastrebis skriptoriumebSi gadaiwera uxvad ilustrirebuli Svidi qarTuli xelnaweri. yovelma maTganma moaRwia Cvens dromde, amaTgan oTxi inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi  da qarTuli xelnawerTa fondis mSvenebas warmoadgenen:  1030 w. konstantinopolSi gadawerili _ mcire svinaqsari, efTvime mTawmindlis Targmani  (A 648); 1031 w. konstantinopolSi gadawerili,grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebani, efTvime mTawmindelis Targmani (A 1); 1028-1031 ww. zaqaria banelis sakuTar monasterSi “agiapintSi” (konstantinopoli) gadawerili maqsime aRmsareblis Txzulebani, efTvime mTawmindelis Targmani (Q 34);   1031 w. gadawerili “mcire sjuliskanonis” ori xelnaweri (A-96 da S-143), efTvime mTawmindelis Targmani; zaqaria banelis SekveTiT damzadebuli kidev erTi xelnaweri daculia quTaisis istoriul eTnografiul muzeumSi.  

      am xelnawerTa miniaturebs Soris Tavisi maRalmxatvruli RirsebebiT da Sesrulebis ostatobiT gamoirCeva mcire svinaqsaris (A 648) miniaturebi. miCneulia, rom isini Sesrulebulia ramdenime bizantiuri modelis mixedviT da samxatvro ostatobis doniT SeiZleba gverdiT davuyenoT X-XI ss. iseT brwyinvale xelnawers, rogoricaa vatikanis menologi (g. alibegaSvili, r. Smerlingi).

      SekveTili xelnawerebis repertuari da maTi gaformeba zaqaria banelis daxvewil gemovnebaze da mis farTo inteleqtualur interesebze metyvelebs. igi TviTonac SemoqmedebiTi niWiT yofila dajildoebuli – Cvenamde moaRwia misma erTma berZnulma leqsma, romelsac uWiravs “mcire svinaqsris” mTeli gverdi. berZnuli sazomiT daweril 12 striqonian leqsSi Seqebulia wigni, rogorc “gonebiTi RerZi”, aRniSnulia mxatvar-miniaturistis “keTilxelovnebis” Sesaxeb, bolos naxsenebia zaqaria iverieli monazoni. (T. yauxCiSvili, zogi qarTuli xelnaweris berZnuli minawerebi).     

      mcire svinaqsaris bolos darTuli anderZSi (A-648, 72r), dsaxelebulia daviT kurapalati, sulis moZRvarTa Soris mamadmTavari arseni da patriarqi daviTi. bolos ki zaqaria asaxelebs Tavis mSoblebs _ bakursa da Teklas. 1030 wels,   am anderZis dawerisas, anderZSi dasaxelebul pirTa cxovrebis wlebis gaTvaliswinebiT, zaqaria valaSkerteli 80 wels iqneboda gadacilebuli (e. maWavariani).    

      arsebuli mwiri cnobebidan sruliad naTlad ikveTeba zaqaria svingelozis, banisa da valaSkertis episkoposis portreti. is iyo Tavisi drois ganaTlebul qarTvel sasuliero moRvaweTa erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, romelic mizanmimarTulad iRvwoda bizantiuri wignieri kulturis da imdroindeli mowinave codnis qarTul niadagze gadmosanergad.    

      SeniSvna: zaqaria banel-valaSkertelis mkafiod gamoxatuli erovnul-kulturuli interesebis miuxedavad, somxur istoriografiaSi igi mainc somex qalkedoneladaa gamocxadebuli. es daskvna emyareba somxur wyaroebSi zaqarias mimarT  gamoyenebuli  gamoTqmis “vraci azgav” (“gvarad qarTveli”) konfesiuri SinaarsiT (“sarwmunoebiT qarTveli” anu qalkedoniti somexi) ZaldatanebiT gadaazrebas.    

 

 

 

      wyaroebi da samecniero literatura:

  1. grigol nazianzelis Semcvel qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, Sedgenili T. bregaZis mier, Tbilisi, 1988.

  2. ioanesa da efTvimes cxovreba/ Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, Tbilisi, 1967.

  3. aristakes lastiverteci, istoria e. cagareiSvilis gamocema. Tbilisi. 1974w.

  4. Повествование вардапета Аристакеса Ластивертеци. Пер. К. Н. Юзбашяна, Москва, 1968г.

  5. stefanos taroneci (asoRiki), msoflio istoria, peterburgi. 1885 (somxur enaze).

  6. e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTeblo keris istoriidan. Tbilisi. 1996.

  7. e. maWavariani, aTonis iverTa monasteri da X-XIss. qarTuli moxatuli wigni. sabWoTa xelovneba. 1980w. #11

  8. Н. Заозерский, А. Хаханов,  Номоканон Иоанна Постника, Москва, 1902.

  9. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi t. II. Tbilisi. 1980..

  10. В. Н. Лазарев, История византийской живописи. Т. I, 1974.

  11. T. yauxCiSvili. zogi qarTuli xelnaweris berZnuli minawerebi. mimomxilveli, II Tbilisi, 1951.

  12. e. maWavariani, vanis oTxTavis dekoratiuli morTuloba, xelnawerTa institutis moambe, II, Tbilisi, 1960.

  13. c. Wankievi, vanis, labsyaldisa da eCmiaZonis oTxTavTa mimarTebisaTvis, mravalTavi, IV Tbilisi. 1975w.

  14. n. berZeniSvili, mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunisa. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. IV. Tbilisi. 1967.

  15. e. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arweologiuri eqspedicia samxreT saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1960.

  16. e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi 1907w. parizi, 1938.

  17. v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 1969.

  18. S. badriZe, saqarTvelos urTierTobebi bizantiasa da dasavleT evropasTan, Tbilisi. 1984.

  19. В. А. Арутюнова-Фиданян, Армяне-халкедониты на восточных границах византийской империи (XI в.), 1980.

  20. g. jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamis samyaro, Tbilisi, 1995.

  21. e. cagareiSvili, “vraci azgav”-is (“gvarad qarTveli”) mniSvnelobisaTvis somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi. mravaltavi, XVI, Tbilisi, 1991.

  22. Н. Ломоури, Из истории грузинского петрицонского монастыря, Тбилиси,

 

 

 

 

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